The little blue pill do more in May, when the blood. Sildenafil the generic name for Viagra also increases the release of a reproductive hormone in rats after a new study.
Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison report this month that sildenafil increased the amount of oxytocin through stimulation of the posterior pituitary gland, a small structure just below the brain that regulates hormone levels in response to neural signals.
The finding is the first indication of a chemical mechanism by the erectile dysfunction drugs such as Viagra can have physical effects besides increasing blood flow to sexual organs, author of the study, says Meyer Jackson, a professor of physiology at the UW-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health.
Sometimes called the "love hormone" or "cuddle chemical," several oxytocin plays an important role in social interaction and reproduction, including the triggering contractions of the uterus and lactation. It is also released during orgasm, and was associated with sexual arousal.
Oxytocin release is an enzyme that acts as a braking system, limiting hormone release of dampening neuronal excitation of the cells. The same enzyme phosphodiesterase-5, also limits the blood flow through the States the muscles around blood vessels.
In both places, sildenafil works by blocking the enzyme, which is essentially the release of the brakes, says Jackson. In blood vessels, relaxes the smooth muscles increases blood flow, which corrects erectile dysfunction, and in the posterior pituitary, the cells to stop responding. "The same stimulation is more [oxytocin] release."
He says: "I think this is a missing link in relation to the type attempt, the problems around the question of whether there other effects of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, which also Viagra, Levitra and Cialis.
The new report was published online August 9 and will appear in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Physiology.
In the study, the researchers measured from rat pituitaries oxytocin in response to neural stimulation. If the pituitaries were treated with sildenafil, they responded to the stimulation of the release of three times as much oxytocin, as they did without the drug.
It is important that the others had little if any effect on the hormone release in the absence of stimulation, says Jackson.
"Erectile dysfunction drugs are not induce spontaneous erections, they improve the response to sexual stimulation," he says. "The same thing happens in the posterior pituitary - Viagra is not recommended for the release of oxytocin on its own, but it is the height of the clearance you will receive in response to electrical stimulation."
Although he does not believe that his findings do not essential questions of security in connection with Viagra, they believe that there are strong motivations for additional studies on the impact and use of new opportunities.
"A big question of our study is that sildenafil is exactly the same, but on the nerves that release oxytocin terminals [in the brain]?" Says he. The cells provide that oxytocin on the pituitary come from a brain structure called the hypothalamus sends hormones, which also throughout the brain.
Although sildenafil's effects on these routes are not yet known, the work by other researchers have shown that oxytocin-sensitive cells in the brain play an important role in the neural control of the erectile responses, suggesting that Viagra and its relatives can possibly through multiple channels.
The famous blue pills have other uses as well. Oxytocin has been linked to the ability to strong social ties, while sildenafil has recently been shown to improve the hamsters' abilities to the timetable for their internal clocks to overcome simulated jet lag.
"This is a piece in a puzzle, in which many pieces are still not available," says Jackson. "But it raises the possibility that drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction could do more than just for the treatment of erectile dysfunction."
Source : http://www.wisc.edu/
Tuesday, February 12, 2008
Risk Of Birth Problems Greater When Father Is In His Teens
Teenage fathers are at an increased risk that children born with birth problems range from pre-term delivery or low birth weight, to the death or in the vicinity at the time of delivery, according to new research published today (Thursday, 7 . February). [1]
In contrast, the study also found that older fathers, at the age of 40 and older, were not associated with an increased risk for babies who affected by these problems. The results were independent of the age of the mother or the mother's other factors that might be expected to have an influence the results of the birth.
The research results, which will be published in Europe's leading trade journal Human Reproduction fertility, is the largest study of the effects of paternal age on the negative results of the birth. The researchers from the Ottawa Health Research Institute, Canada, the data from the National Center for Health Statistics for virtually all births (99%) in the United States between 1995-2000 - a cohort of more than 23.6 million births. From these they looked at 2614966 singleton babies born to married women living without prior childbearing stories, aged between 20-29, where there was extensive information about his father's age, race, maternal education, prenatal care, pregnancy and Birth weight.
They chose women between the ages of 20-29, because they were the least likely to be affected by the fertility problems, some of which may have negative impact on the outcome of the birth. Since it is already known that fathers between the ages of 20-29 have the lowest risk of adverse birth outcomes, the researchers in this age group (the reference group) to compare all other age groups.
Compared with the reference group, and after adjusting for accompanying factors (such as race, education, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the adequacy of prenatal care and the sex of the baby), babies born to teenage fathers (age less than 20) were more likely to be born prematurely (15% increased risk), have a low birth weight (13% increased risk), small for gestational age (17% increased risk), have a low Apgar score (13% higher risk) or to die within the first four weeks after birth (22% increased risk) or to die, in the period from four weeks to one year after birth (41% increased risk), but in all cases the absolute risk the death less than 0.5%. Fathers at the age of 40 years do not have an increased risk of these adverse outcomes of birth.
One of the authors of the study, Professor Shi Wu Wen, a senior scientist at the Ottawa Health Research Institute and professor at the University of Ottawa, said: "Our study suggests that a teenager's father was an independent risk factor for the negative birth outcomes, advanced paternal Age was not the case. paternal influence of the young fathers about adverse birth outcomes clearly warrants further investigation, and can lead to a deeper understanding of the causes of these results.
"Although the increased relative risks for most results were small, the degree of risk to society could be huge, because the number of births worldwide, when the increases were we are really on the paternal age."
The study looked at babies born to fathers in seven age groups, from teenagers to the aged 50 and older, and Prof. Wen said, along with the size of the study and the limited reach of the age of the mothers, meant that the results Goods to be hardly affected by coincidence or ancillary factors. However, there was no information on the socio-economic status and lifestyle of the fathers, and that could have an influence.
"The mechanisms by which a teenage father may be an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes effects are not clear," said Prof. Wen "Both biological and socio-economic status could play some roles in the observed results."
Previous studies have shown that younger men can have lower sperm count, semen volume, total number of sperm and the percentage of sperm disturbing. Immature sperm can be used with negative outcomes of birth, possibly as a consequence of the abnormal formation of the placenta in the uterus (placentation).
"It's biologically plausible that paternal age may play a role in the risk of adverse effects associated with the birth of abnormal placentation results," said Prof. Wen
However, there is also the possibility of social explanations. "Young fathers tend to come from economically disadvantaged families and have a lower education level. Socio-economic factors such as education and occupation are known to be associated with a variety of health consequences. People from less affluent background are less likely to use Pränatalen care services, which is associated with an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes, "said Prof Wen.
Other social factors that could play a role, perhaps by the deterioration of the health of the mother, including domestic violence, lack of financial or emotional support, paternal illegal drug use, smoking and alcohol consumption. "These are far more teenage fathers, and previous studies have found associations between smoking and paternal alcohol and adverse reproductive outcomes," he said.
From the finding that older fathers were no longer to have babies, the birth of unwanted results, Prof Wen said, "In our study, we did not find an association between older fathers and the increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. We could not The possibility that older fathers, married women aged 20-29 years without childbearing history perhaps a higher socio-economic status than those of our control. Beneficiaries The socio-economic conditions could offset some biological risk for adverse outcomes associated with the birth of older fathers . "
Prof Wen said that he and his colleagues were planning a pre-design study on the paternal and maternal factors that may affect the health of children, including the paternal age.
Source: Emma Mason
European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology
In contrast, the study also found that older fathers, at the age of 40 and older, were not associated with an increased risk for babies who affected by these problems. The results were independent of the age of the mother or the mother's other factors that might be expected to have an influence the results of the birth.
The research results, which will be published in Europe's leading trade journal Human Reproduction fertility, is the largest study of the effects of paternal age on the negative results of the birth. The researchers from the Ottawa Health Research Institute, Canada, the data from the National Center for Health Statistics for virtually all births (99%) in the United States between 1995-2000 - a cohort of more than 23.6 million births. From these they looked at 2614966 singleton babies born to married women living without prior childbearing stories, aged between 20-29, where there was extensive information about his father's age, race, maternal education, prenatal care, pregnancy and Birth weight.
They chose women between the ages of 20-29, because they were the least likely to be affected by the fertility problems, some of which may have negative impact on the outcome of the birth. Since it is already known that fathers between the ages of 20-29 have the lowest risk of adverse birth outcomes, the researchers in this age group (the reference group) to compare all other age groups.
Compared with the reference group, and after adjusting for accompanying factors (such as race, education, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the adequacy of prenatal care and the sex of the baby), babies born to teenage fathers (age less than 20) were more likely to be born prematurely (15% increased risk), have a low birth weight (13% increased risk), small for gestational age (17% increased risk), have a low Apgar score (13% higher risk) or to die within the first four weeks after birth (22% increased risk) or to die, in the period from four weeks to one year after birth (41% increased risk), but in all cases the absolute risk the death less than 0.5%. Fathers at the age of 40 years do not have an increased risk of these adverse outcomes of birth.
One of the authors of the study, Professor Shi Wu Wen, a senior scientist at the Ottawa Health Research Institute and professor at the University of Ottawa, said: "Our study suggests that a teenager's father was an independent risk factor for the negative birth outcomes, advanced paternal Age was not the case. paternal influence of the young fathers about adverse birth outcomes clearly warrants further investigation, and can lead to a deeper understanding of the causes of these results.
"Although the increased relative risks for most results were small, the degree of risk to society could be huge, because the number of births worldwide, when the increases were we are really on the paternal age."
The study looked at babies born to fathers in seven age groups, from teenagers to the aged 50 and older, and Prof. Wen said, along with the size of the study and the limited reach of the age of the mothers, meant that the results Goods to be hardly affected by coincidence or ancillary factors. However, there was no information on the socio-economic status and lifestyle of the fathers, and that could have an influence.
"The mechanisms by which a teenage father may be an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes effects are not clear," said Prof. Wen "Both biological and socio-economic status could play some roles in the observed results."
Previous studies have shown that younger men can have lower sperm count, semen volume, total number of sperm and the percentage of sperm disturbing. Immature sperm can be used with negative outcomes of birth, possibly as a consequence of the abnormal formation of the placenta in the uterus (placentation).
"It's biologically plausible that paternal age may play a role in the risk of adverse effects associated with the birth of abnormal placentation results," said Prof. Wen
However, there is also the possibility of social explanations. "Young fathers tend to come from economically disadvantaged families and have a lower education level. Socio-economic factors such as education and occupation are known to be associated with a variety of health consequences. People from less affluent background are less likely to use Pränatalen care services, which is associated with an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes, "said Prof Wen.
Other social factors that could play a role, perhaps by the deterioration of the health of the mother, including domestic violence, lack of financial or emotional support, paternal illegal drug use, smoking and alcohol consumption. "These are far more teenage fathers, and previous studies have found associations between smoking and paternal alcohol and adverse reproductive outcomes," he said.
From the finding that older fathers were no longer to have babies, the birth of unwanted results, Prof Wen said, "In our study, we did not find an association between older fathers and the increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. We could not The possibility that older fathers, married women aged 20-29 years without childbearing history perhaps a higher socio-economic status than those of our control. Beneficiaries The socio-economic conditions could offset some biological risk for adverse outcomes associated with the birth of older fathers . "
Prof Wen said that he and his colleagues were planning a pre-design study on the paternal and maternal factors that may affect the health of children, including the paternal age.
Source: Emma Mason
European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology
Men's Attitudes To Contraception
An overwhelming 94% of men aged between 18-45 years in the British agree that the use of contraception is the common responsibility of men and women. What is encouraging is that only a tiny fraction of the men believe that contraception is a woman, and that they have no control over pregnancy [1]. But, says fpa, many men still do not have their own needs first contraceptive. This is according to a new study [2] examines the attitude of men towards contraception, published today, the annual financial statements for fpa Contraceptive Awareness Week [3] (11 to 17 February 2008).
Fpa's Chief Executive Julie Bentley said: "It is fantastic that we now say with confidence that the men in the" noughties "have a very positive attitude to modern contraception. "
The question to decide which statement about contraception they agreed that the majority of 60% of the men said: "Men and women should always discuss with contraception, while 22% of men, most agreed:" If a man does not want a woman pregnant, he should use condoms every time he has sex. "
Fpa's Chief Executive Julie Bentley said: "The thinking on the use of condom first, this group of men, the power and control over their own bodies to prevent pregnancy, completely independent of what women do. But these men are in the minority.
"Half of all pregnancies are unplanned. [4] We know that unplanned pregnancy can cause, for men as it can be for women. But if a woman is pregnant, the men have no rights to decisions about their veto have an abortion or keep the baby.
"The only real chance the men have to exercise choice about what they want is on the stage contraception. Speak Although contraception with your partner is of vital importance, it is not the first step. Fpa would like to see more men on the model of Befugt group, which is a very positive reflection of themselves and their own reproductive needs. "
The research also shows that men would use hormonal contraceptive options in the development like the male pill, with 36% of men say they would use it, and 26% said they did not know whether they use it or not. When married or single also has no influence on whether or not men want to take the pill or not, [5].
"We should have more confidence on the promotion of new possibilities contraceptive for men," says Julie. "Of course they want to be involved. But nearly half the men either told us they do not have enough information (35%) to 14 different types of contraception available [6], or do not know (9%).
"Although it is an increase in the number of men want to hospitals, [7] are not many for their own needs - to the support of women. We need new strategies men in the mainstream promotion of contraceptive services - in clinics and GP operations .
"To help health professionals do, fpa has issued guidelines [8] on the contraceptive services more men-friendly. There are many changes quickly and easily to services, health professionals can cost that is not much time or money, but have a big influence on how inviting them to the men. "
Fpa (Family Planning Association) is the only registered charity organization working to improve the sexual health and reproductive rights of all people throughout the UK.
Notes:
[1] Asked, "one of the following statements you agree with most (men 18-45 Base in same-sex partnership)
[2] CSF / NOP World surveyed 621 men between the ages of 18-45 at the 6th To 18 December 2007 and 10 To 15 January 2008 in the United Kingdom. Weighting was applied to the data in order to be in line with national profiles.
[3] Contraceptive Awareness Week 2008 is themed The new man. As part of the week, Campaign 2000 packs were distributed to health and other professionals. The first week was established in 1997 by fpa to raise awareness of the problems associated with the contraceptive choices. The campaign will be on the website fpa.
[4] I O'Sullivan, Keyse L, N Park, gift basket A Short S. Contraception and Sexual Health, 2004 / 5 London, UK Office for National Statistics, 2005.
[5] The answer, "if a male hormonal method available (such as the" male pill "), it would be" 65% of single, widowed, separated, divorced men said yes or not know. 61% of married men said yes or not know.
[6] The answer to 'Do you think you know enough or have enough information about the 14 different types of contraceptive method, which is available, 35% said no, 9% said they did not know and 51% say yes .
[7] Since 1996 there has been a 48% increase for men to participate in contraceptive clinics. NHS report on the prevention funds in England 2006-7.
[8] Produced by fpa national helpline, which provides guidelines for health professionals to gain about how men in contraceptive can be downloaded here. The guidelines are also part of the material for the campaign packs free.
Fpa's Chief Executive Julie Bentley said: "It is fantastic that we now say with confidence that the men in the" noughties "have a very positive attitude to modern contraception. "
The question to decide which statement about contraception they agreed that the majority of 60% of the men said: "Men and women should always discuss with contraception, while 22% of men, most agreed:" If a man does not want a woman pregnant, he should use condoms every time he has sex. "
Fpa's Chief Executive Julie Bentley said: "The thinking on the use of condom first, this group of men, the power and control over their own bodies to prevent pregnancy, completely independent of what women do. But these men are in the minority.
"Half of all pregnancies are unplanned. [4] We know that unplanned pregnancy can cause, for men as it can be for women. But if a woman is pregnant, the men have no rights to decisions about their veto have an abortion or keep the baby.
"The only real chance the men have to exercise choice about what they want is on the stage contraception. Speak Although contraception with your partner is of vital importance, it is not the first step. Fpa would like to see more men on the model of Befugt group, which is a very positive reflection of themselves and their own reproductive needs. "
The research also shows that men would use hormonal contraceptive options in the development like the male pill, with 36% of men say they would use it, and 26% said they did not know whether they use it or not. When married or single also has no influence on whether or not men want to take the pill or not, [5].
"We should have more confidence on the promotion of new possibilities contraceptive for men," says Julie. "Of course they want to be involved. But nearly half the men either told us they do not have enough information (35%) to 14 different types of contraception available [6], or do not know (9%).
"Although it is an increase in the number of men want to hospitals, [7] are not many for their own needs - to the support of women. We need new strategies men in the mainstream promotion of contraceptive services - in clinics and GP operations .
"To help health professionals do, fpa has issued guidelines [8] on the contraceptive services more men-friendly. There are many changes quickly and easily to services, health professionals can cost that is not much time or money, but have a big influence on how inviting them to the men. "
Fpa (Family Planning Association) is the only registered charity organization working to improve the sexual health and reproductive rights of all people throughout the UK.
Notes:
[1] Asked, "one of the following statements you agree with most (men 18-45 Base in same-sex partnership)
- 2% said that contraception is a woman, the question
- 5% said men have little control over whether a woman is pregnant or not.
- 5% said men are not talking about the use of contraception with their partner as much as they should
- 22% said that if a man does not want to a pregnant woman, he should use condoms every time he has sex
- 60% said that men and women should always discuss with contraception.
[2] CSF / NOP World surveyed 621 men between the ages of 18-45 at the 6th To 18 December 2007 and 10 To 15 January 2008 in the United Kingdom. Weighting was applied to the data in order to be in line with national profiles.
[3] Contraceptive Awareness Week 2008 is themed The new man. As part of the week, Campaign 2000 packs were distributed to health and other professionals. The first week was established in 1997 by fpa to raise awareness of the problems associated with the contraceptive choices. The campaign will be on the website fpa.
[4] I O'Sullivan, Keyse L, N Park, gift basket A Short S. Contraception and Sexual Health, 2004 / 5 London, UK Office for National Statistics, 2005.
[5] The answer, "if a male hormonal method available (such as the" male pill "), it would be" 65% of single, widowed, separated, divorced men said yes or not know. 61% of married men said yes or not know.
[6] The answer to 'Do you think you know enough or have enough information about the 14 different types of contraceptive method, which is available, 35% said no, 9% said they did not know and 51% say yes .
[7] Since 1996 there has been a 48% increase for men to participate in contraceptive clinics. NHS report on the prevention funds in England 2006-7.
[8] Produced by fpa national helpline, which provides guidelines for health professionals to gain about how men in contraceptive can be downloaded here. The guidelines are also part of the material for the campaign packs free.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)